Self-healable and recyclable materials and electronics can improve the reliability and repairability and can reduce environmental pollution; therefore, they promise very broad applications. In this study, we investigated the self-healing performance of dynamic covalent thermoset polyimine and its nanocomposites based on the dynamic covalent chemistry. Heat press was applied to two laminating films of polyimine and its nanocomposites to induce self-healing. The effects of heat press time, temperature, and load on the interfacial shear strength of the rehealed films were investigated. The results showed that increasing the heat press time, temperature, and load can significantly improve the interfacial shear strength and thus the self-healing effect. For polyimine nanocomposites, increasing the heat press time, temperature, and load led to the improved electrical conductivity of the rehealed films.
Issue Section:
Research Papers
References
1.
Blaiszik
, B. J.
, Kramer
, S. L.
, Olugebefola
, S. C.
, Moore
, J. S.
, Sottos
, N. R.
, and White
, S. R.
, 2010
, “Self-Healing Polymers and Composites
,” Annu. Rev. Mater. Res.
, 40
, pp. 179
–211
. 2.
Yuan
, Y. C.
, Yin
, T.
, Rong
, M. Z.
, and Zhang
, M. Q.
, 2008
, “Self Healing in Polymers and Polymer Composites. Concepts, Realization and Outlook: A Review
,” Express Polym. Lett.
, 2
(4
), pp. 238
–250
. 3.
Thakur
, V. K.
, and Kessler
, M. R.
, 2015
, “Self-Healing Polymer Nanocomposite Materials: A Review
,” Polymer
, 69
, pp. 369
–383
. 4.
Toohey
, K. S.
, Sottos
, N. R.
, Lewis
, J. A.
, Moore
, J. S.
, and White
, S. R.
, 2007
, “Self-Healing Materials With Microvascular Networks
,” Nat. Mater.
, 6
(8
), pp. 581
–585
. 5.
Su
, C.
, Acik
, M.
, Takai
, K.
, Lu
, J.
, Hao
, S. J.
, Zheng
, Y.
, Wu
, P.
, Bao
, Q.
, Enoki
, T.
, Chabal
, Y. J.
, and Loh
, K. P.
, 2012
, “Probing the Catalytic Activity of Porous Graphene Oxide and the Origin of This Behaviour
,” Nat. Commun.
, 3
, pp. 1298
–1306
. 6.
White
, S. R.
, Sottos
, N. R.
, Geubelle
, P. H.
, Moore
, J. S.
, Kessler
, M.
, Sriram
, S. R.
, Brown
, E. N.
, and Viswanathan
, S.
, 2002
, “Autonomic Healing of Polymer Composites
,” Nature
, 409
(6822
), pp. 794
–797
. 7.
Taynton
, P.
, Yu
, K.
, Shoemaker
, R. K.
, Jin
, Y.
, Qi
, H. J.
, and Zhang
, W.
, 2014
, “Heat- or Water-Driven Malleability in a Highly Recyclable Covalent Network Polymer
,” Adv. Mater.
, 26
(23
), pp. 3938
–3942
. 8.
Li
, Y.
, Chen
, S.
, Wu
, M.
, and Sun
, J.
, 2012
, “Polyelectrolyte Multilayers Impart Healability to Highly Electrically Conductive Films
,” Adv. Mater.
, 24
(33
), pp. 4578
–4582
. 9.
Zou
, Z.
, Zhu
, C.
, Li
, Y.
, Lei
, X.
, Zhang
, W.
, and Xiao
, J.
, 2018
, “Rehealable, Fully Recyclable, and Malleable Electronic Skin Enabled by Dynamic Covalent Thermoset Nanocomposite
,” Sci. Adv.
, 4
(2
), p. eaaq0508
. 10.
Williams
, K. A.
, Dreyer
, D. R.
, and Bielawski
, C. W.
, 2008
, “The Underlying Chemistry of Self-Healing Materials
,” Mrs Bull.
, 33
(8
), pp. 759
–765
. 11.
Hager
, M. D.
, Greil
, P.
, Leyens
, C.
, Van Der Zwaag
, S.
, and Schubert
, U. S.
, 2010
, “Self-Healing Materials
,” Adv. Mater.
, 22
(47
), pp. 5424
–5430
. 12.
Son
, D.
, Kang
, J.
, Vardoulis
, O.
, Kim
, Y.
, Matsuhisa
, N.
, Oh
, J. Y.
, To
, J. W.
, Mun
, J.
, Katsumata
, T.
, Liu
, Y.
, McGuire
, A. F.
, Krason
, M.
, Molina-Lopez
, F.
, Ham
, J.
, Kraft
, U.
, Lee
, Y.
, Yun
, Y.
, Tok
, J. B.-H.
, and Bao
, Z.
, 2018
, “An Integrated Self-Healable Electronic Skin System Fabricated via Dynamic Reconstruction of a Nanostructured Conducting Network
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
, 13
(11
), pp. 1057
–1065
. 13.
Chen
, X.
, Dam
, M. A.
, Ono
, K.
, Mal
, A.
, Shen
, H.
, Nutt
, S. R.
, Sheran
, K.
, and Wudl
, F.
, 2002
, “A Thermally Re-Mendable Cross-Linked Polymeric Material
,” Science
, 295
(5560
), pp. 1698
–1702
. 14.
Yoshie
, N.
, Watanabe
, M.
, Araki
, H.
, and Ishida
, K.
, 2010
, “Thermo-Responsive Mending of Polymers Crosslinked by Thermally Reversible Covalent Bond: Polymers From Bisfuranic Terminated Poly (Ethylene Adipate) and Tris-Maleimide
,” Polym. Degrad. Stab.
, 95
(5
), pp. 826
–829
. 15.
Du
, P.
, Liu
, X.
, Zheng
, Z.
, Wang
, X.
, Joncheray
, T.
, and Zhang
, Y.
, 2013
, “Synthesis and Characterization of Linear Self-Healing Polyurethane Based on Thermally Reversible Diels—Alder Reaction
,” RSC Adv.
, 3
(35
), pp. 15475
–15482
. 16.
Rodriguez
, E. D.
, Luo
, X.
, and Mather
, P. T.
, 2011
, “Linear/Network Poly (ɛ-Caprolactone) Blends Exhibiting Shape Memory Assisted Self-Healing (SMASH)
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 3
(2
), pp. 152
–161
. 17.
Liu
, J.
, Liu
, J.
, Wang
, S.
, Huang
, J.
, Wu
, S.
, Tang
, Z.
, Guo
, B.
, and Zhang
, L.
, 2017
, “An Advanced Elastomer With an Unprecedented Combination of Excellent Mechanical Properties and High Self-Healing Capability
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 5
(48
), pp. 25660
–25671
. 18.
Zeng
, C.
, Seino
, H.
, Ren
, J.
, Hatanaka
, K.
, and Yoshie
, N.
, 2013
, “Bio-Based Furan Polymers With Self-Healing Ability
,” Macromolecules
, 46
(5
), pp. 1794
–1802
. 19.
Hong
, G.
, Zhang
, H.
, Lin
, Y.
, Chen
, Y.
, Xu
, Y.
, Weng
, W.
, and Xia
, H.
, 2013
, “Mechanoresponsive Healable Metallosupramolecular Polymers
,” Macromolecules
, 46
(21
), pp. 8649
–8656
. 20.
Peterson
, A. M.
, Jensen
, R. E.
, and Palmese
, G. R.
, 2010
, “Room-Temperature Healing of a Thermosetting Polymer Using the Diels—Alder Reaction
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 2
(4
), pp. 1141
–1149
. 21.
Chung
, C.
, Roh
, Y.
, Cho
, S.
, and Kim
, J.
, 2004
, “Crack Healing in Polymeric Materials via Photochemical [2 + 2] Cycloaddition
,” Chem. Mater.
, 16
(21
), pp. 3982
–3984
. 22.
Amamoto
, Y.
, Kamada
, J.
, Otsuka
, H.
, Takahara
, A.
, and Matyjaszewski
, K.
, 2011
, “Repeatable Photoinduced Self-Healing of Covalently Cross-Linked Polymers Through Reshuffling of Trithiocarbonate Units
,” Angew. Chemie Int. Ed.
, 50
(7
), pp. 1660
–1663
. 23.
Ghosh
, B.
, and Urban
, M. W.
, 2009
, “Self-Repairing Oxetane-Substituted Chitosan Polyurethane Networks
,” Science
, 323
(5920
), pp. 1458
–1460
. 24.
Burnworth
, M.
, Tang
, L.
, Kumpfer
, J. R.
, Duncan
, A. J.
, Beyer
, F. L.
, Fiore
, G. L.
, Rowan
, S. J.
, and Weder
, C.
, 2011
, “Optically Healable Supramolecular Polymers
,” Nature
, 472
(7343
), pp. 334
–337
. 25.
Palleau
, E.
, Reece
, S.
, Desai
, S. C.
, Smith
, M. E.
, and Dickey
, M. D.
, 2013
, “Self-Healing Stretchable Wires for Reconfigurable Circuit Wiring and 3D Microfluidics
,” Adv. Mater.
, 25
(11
), pp. 1589
–1592
. 26.
Xia
, N. N.
, Xiong
, X. M.
, Rong
, M. Z.
, Zhang
, M. Q.
, and Kong
, F.
, 2017
, “Self-Healing of Polymer in Acidic Water Toward Strength Restoration Through the Synergistic Effect of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 9
(42
), pp. 37300
–37309
. 27.
Li
, J.
, Ejima
, H.
, and Yoshie
, N.
, 2016
, “Seawater-Assisted Self-Healing of Catechol Polymers via Hydrogen Bonding and Coordination Interactions
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 8
(29
), pp. 19047
–19053
. 28.
Xia
, N. N.
, Rong
, M. Z.
, and Zhang
, M. Q.
, 2016
, “Stabilization of Catechol–Boronic Ester Bonds for Underwater Self-Healing and Recycling of Lipophilic Bulk Polymer in Wider PH Range
,” J. Mater. Chem. A
, 4
(37
), pp. 14122
–14131
. 29.
Adzima
, B. J.
, Kloxin
, C. J.
, and Bowman
, C. N.
, 2010
, “Externally Triggered Healing of a Thermoreversible Covalent Network via Self-Limited Hysteresis Heating
,” Adv. Mater.
, 22
(25
), pp. 2784
–2787
. 30.
Sheridan
, R. J.
, and Bowman
, C. N.
, 2013
, “Understanding the Process of Healing of Thermoreversible Covalent Adaptable Networks
,” Polym. Chem.
, 4
(18
), pp. 4974
–4979
. 31.
Xu
, F.
, and Zhu
, Y.
, 2012
, “Highly Conductive and Stretchable Silver Nanowire Conductors
,” Adv. Mater.
, 24
(37
), pp. 5117
–5122
. 32.
Chen
, S.
, Wei
, Y.
, Yuan
, X.
, Lin
, Y.
, and Liu
, L.
, 2016
, “A Highly Stretchable Strain Sensor Based on a Graphene/Silver Nanoparticle Synergic Conductive Network and a Sandwich Structure
,” J. Mater. Chem. C
, 4
(19
), pp. 4304
–4311
. 33.
Lipomi
, D. J.
, Vosgueritchian
, M.
, Tee
, B. C. K.
, Hellstrom
, S. L.
, Lee
, J. A.
, Fox
, C. H.
, and Bao
, Z.
, 2011
, “Skin-Like Pressure and Strain Sensors Based on Transparent Elastic Films of Carbon Nanotubes
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
, 6
(12
), pp. 788
–792
. 34.
Song
, P.
, Qin
, H.
, Gao
, H. L.
, Cong
, H. P.
, and Yu
, S. H.
, 2018
, “Self-Healing and Superstretchable Conductors From Hierarchical Nanowire Assemblies
,” Nat. Commun.
9
(1
), pp. 2786
–2794
. 35.
Balazs
, A. C.
, Emrick
, T.
, and Russell
, T. P.
, 2006
, “Nanoparticle Polymer Composites : Where Two Small Worlds Meet
,” Science
, 314
(5802
), pp. 1107
–1110
. 36.
Tee
, B. C. K.
, Wang
, C.
, Allen
, R.
, and Bao
, Z.
, 2012
, “An Electrically and Mechanically Self-Healing Composite With Pressure- and Flexion-Sensitive Properties for Electronic Skin Applications
,” Nat. Nanotechnol.
, 7
(12
), pp. 825
–832
. 37.
Kubo
, B. M.
, Li
, X.
, Kim
, C.
, Hashimoto
, M.
, Wiley
, B. J.
, Ham
, D.
, and Whitesides
, G. M.
, 2010
, “Stretchable Microfluidic Radiofrequency Antennas
,” Adv. Mater.
, 22
(25
), pp. 2749
–2752
. 38.
Aliev
, A. E.
, Oh
, J.
, Kozlov
, M. E.
, Kuznetsov
, A. A.
, Fang
, S.
, Fonseca
, A. F.
, Ovalle
, R.
, Lima
, M. D.
, Haque
, M. H.
, Gartstein
, Y. N.
, Zhang
, M.
, Zakhidov
, A. A.
, and Baughman
, R. H.
, 2009
, “Giant-Stroke, Superelastic Carbon Nanotube Aerogel Muscles
,” Science
, 323
(5921
), pp. 1575
–1579
. 39.
Kim
, D.
, Ghaffari
, R.
, Lu
, N.
, and Rogers
, J. A.
, 2012
, “Flexible and Stretchable Electronics for Biointegrated Devices
,” Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng.
, 14
, pp. 113
–128
. 40.
Zhang
, Y.
, Huang
, Y.
, and Rogers
, J. A.
, 2015
, “Mechanics of Stretchable Batteries and Supercapacitors
,” Curr. Opin. Solid State Mater. Sci.
, 19
(3
), pp. 190
–199
. 41.
Liu
, Y.
, He
, K.
, Chen
, G.
, Leow
, W. R.
, and Chen
, X.
, 2017
, “Nature-Inspired Structural Materials for Flexible Electronic Devices
,” Chem. Rev.
, 117
(20
), pp. 12893
–12941
. 42.
Ma
, Y.
, Feng
, X.
, Rogers
, J. A.
, Huang
, Y.
, and Zhang
, Y.
, 2017
, “Design and Application of ‘J-Shaped’ Stress–Strain Behavior in Stretchable Electronics: A Review
,” Lab Chip
, 17
(10
), pp. 1689
–1704
. 43.
Rogers
, J. A.
, Someya
, T.
, and Huang
, Y.
, 2010
, “Materials and Mechanics for Stretchable Electronics
,” Science
, 327
(5973
), pp. 1603
–1607
. 44.
Zhu
, F.
, Xiao
, H.
, Li
, H.
, Huang
, Y.
, and Ma
, Y.
, 2019
, “Irregular Hexagonal Cellular Substrate for Stretchable Electronics
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 86
(3
), p. 034501
. 45.
Liu
, S.
, Ha
, T.
, and Lu
, N.
, 2019
, “Experimentally and Numerically Validated Analytical Solutions to Nonbuckling Piezoelectric Serpentine Ribbons
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 86
(5
), p. 051010
. 46.
Song
, J.
, Feng
, X.
, and Huang
, Y.
, 2015
, “Mechanics and Thermal Management of Stretchable Inorganic Electronics
,” Natl. Sci. Rev.
, 3
(1
), pp. 128
–143
. 47.
Cai
, M.
, Nie
, S.
, Du
, Y.
, Wang
, C.
, and Song
, J.
, 2019
, “Soft Elastomers With Programmable Stiffness as Strain-Isolating Substrates for Stretchable Electronics
,” ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces
, 11
(15
), pp. 14340
–14346
. 48.
Kim
, C.
, and Yoshie
, N.
, 2018
, “Polymers Healed Autonomously and With the Assistance of Ubiquitous Stimuli: How Can We Combine Mechanical Strength and a Healing Ability in Polymers?
” Polym. J.
, 50
(10
), pp. 919
–929
. 49.
Taynton
, P.
, Zhu
, C.
, Loob
, S.
, Shoemaker
, R.
, Pritchard
, J.
, Jin
, Y.
, and Zhang
, W.
, 2016
, “Re-Healable Polyimine Thermosets: Polymer Composition and Moisture Sensitivity
,” Polym. Chem.
, 7
(46
), pp. 7052
–7056
. 50.
Taynton
, P.
, Ni
, H.
, Zhu
, C.
, Yu
, K.
, Loob
, S.
, Jin
, Y.
, Qi
, H. J.
, and Zhang
, W.
, 2016
, “Repairable Woven Carbon Fiber Composites With Full Recyclability Enabled by Malleable Polyimine Networks
,” Adv. Mater.
, 28
(15
), pp. 2904
–2909
. 51.
ASTM
, 2010
, “Standard Test Method for Apparent Shear Strength of Single-Lap-Joint Adhesively Bonded Metal Specimens by Tension Loading (Metal-to-Metal)
,” ASTM No. D1002-10(2019).
52.
Yu
, K.
, Shi
, Q.
, Li
, H.
, Jabour
, J.
, Yang
, H.
, Dunn
, M. L.
, Wang
, T.
, and Qi
, H. J.
, 2016
, “Interfacial Welding of Dynamic Covalent Network Polymers
,” J. Mech. Phys. Solids
, 94
, pp. 1
–17
. 53.
Yang
, H.
, Yu
, K.
, Mu
, X.
, Wei
, Y.
, Guo
, Y.
, and Qi
, H. J.
, 2016
, “Molecular Dynamics Studying on Welding Behavior in Thermosetting Polymers Due to Bond Exchange Reactions
,” RSC Adv.
, 6
(27
), pp. 22476
–22487
. 54.
Yu
, K.
, Qian
, S.
, Wang
, T.
, Dunn
, M. L.
, and Qi
, H. J.
, 2019
, “A Computational Model for Surface Welding in Covalent Adaptable Networks Using Finite-Element Analysis
,” ASME J. Appl. Mech.
, 83
(9
), p. 091002
. Copyright © 2019 by ASME
You do not currently have access to this content.
