Fig. 1 The standard drag curve for solid spheres in steady flow More

Fig. 2 Regular geometric shapes: sphere, cube, disk, cylinder, spherocylinder, prolate ellipsoid, oblate ellipsoid, and cone More

Fig. 3 Effect of surface roughness on the transition to turbulence More

Fig. 4 The drag coefficients for long cylinders at cross flow More

Fig. 5 Drag coefficients for short and long cylinders in the range 0.1<Re < 400 More

Fig. 6 A compilation of experimental data for cubes and cuboids with pertinent correlations More

Fig. 7 General feedforward ANN consisting of an input layer with five nodes, two hidden layers with five nodes in each, and an output layer with two nodes More

Fig. 8 Final BPNN model drag and lift coefficient predictions versus known values from training data More

Fig. 1 ( a ) Definition of principal motion parameters and kinematics during the down-stroke of a NACA0012 foil. ( b ) Sample foil shapes generated by increasing each parameter individually along with the CST-generated [ 31 ] and true* NACA0012 foils [ 41 ]. ( c ) Basis functions of CST along the ... More

Fig. 2 ( a ) Schematic of the computational domain, Cartesian grid, and boundary conditions. ( b ) Comparison of instantaneous thrust coefficients for a NACA0012 foil obtained through coarse, nominal, and fine grids. More

Fig. 3 ( a ) Values of coefficients versus η R computed by varying a single coefficient at a time, with the other coefficient values fixed at the values for NACA0012 profile. Contour plots of efficiency ( b ) and thrust ( c ) versus maximum thickness and Maximum thickness location for all of th... More

Fig. 4 Instantaneous profiles of C T and C Pw ( a ) – ( b ), shape profiles ( c ), and contours of the thrust and power consumption along the foil through a cycle of motion ( d ) – ( e ) for thickness changing cases A δ ( c1, d1, e1 ), B δ ( c2, d2, e2 ), and ... More

Fig. 5 Vorticity and pressure contour plots for thickness changing cases A δ ( a ) – ( d ), B δ ( e ) – ( h ), and C δ ( i ) – ( l ). Vorticity is shown at points where coefficients of thrust and power vary the most between the cases. More

Fig. 6 Instantaneous profiles of C T and C Pw ( a ) – ( b ), shape profiles( c ), and contours of the thrust and power consumption along the foil through a cycle of motion ( d ) – ( e ) for thickness changing cases A S ( c1, d1, e1 ), B S ( c2, d2, e2 ), and C S ( c3, d3, e3 ) More

Fig. 7 Vorticity and pressure contour plots for thickness changing cases A S ( a ) – ( d ), B S ( e ) – ( h ), and C S ( i ) – ( l ). Vorticity is shown at points where coefficients of thrust and power vary the most between the cases. More