The increased use of fiber reinforced plastics (FRPs) in ship topside structures necessitates the need to understand how such structures respond to fire exposure. For this reason we have characterized the nonlinear, thermo-viscoelastic behavior of Vetrotex 324∕Derakane 510A-40 using tensile loading of [±45]2S laminates. Nonlinearity is observed at elevated stress and temperatures above Tg. The data reduction sufficiently modeled the experimental master-curves over the whole temperature range, but suffered from inconsistencies in the creep data and recovery data, perhaps due to accumulated damage during the creep cycle. Our results indicate that the nonlinear viscoelastic behavior significantly contributes to structural behavior under fire loading conditions.

1.
Bausano
,
J. V.
,
Lesko
,
J. J.
, and
Case
,
S. W.
, 2006, “
Composite Life Under Sustained Compression and One-Sided Simulated Fire Exposure: Characterization and Prediction
,”
Composites, Part A
1359-835X,
37
(
7
), pp.
1092
1100
.
2.
Seggewiss
,
P. G. B.
, 2003, “
Properties of Fire-damaged Polymer Matrix Composites
,” in
Proceedings of Composites in Fire-3
, September 9–10, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK,
CompositeLink
.
3.
Mouritz
,
A. P.
, and
Mathys
,
Z.
, 2001, “
Post-Fire Mechanical Properties of Glass-Reinforced Polyester Composites
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
0266-3538,
61
(
4
), pp.
475
490
.
4.
Halverson
,
H.
,
Bausano
,
J.
,
Case
,
S.
, and
Lesko
,
J.
, 2005, “
Simulation of Response of Composite Structures Under Fire Exposure
,”
Sci. Eng. Compos. Mater.
,
12
(
1–2
), pp.
93
101
.
5.
Leaderman
,
H.
, 1943, “
Elastic and Creep Properties of Filamentous Materials and Other High Polymers
,” The Textile Foundation, Washington, DC.
6.
Schapery
,
R. A.
, 1966, “
A Theory of Non-Linear Thermoviscoelasticity Based on Irreversible Thermodynamics
,” in
Proc. 5th U.S. Nat. Cong. Appl. Mech.
,
University of Minnesota
,
ASME
.
7.
Lou
,
Y. C.
, and
Schapery
,
R. A.
, 1971, “
Viscoelastic Characterization of a Nonlinear Fiber-Reinforced Plastic
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
0021-9983,
5
, pp.
208
234
.
8.
Glasstone
,
S.
,
Laidler
,
K. J.
, and
Eyring
,
H.
, 1941,
The Theory of Rate Process
,
McGraw-Hill
,
New York
.
9.
Daugste
,
C. L.
, 1974, “
Joint Application of Time-Temperature and Time-Stress Analogies to Constructing Unified Curves
,”
Polym. Mech.
,
3
, pp.
359
362
.
10.
Griffith
,
W. I.
,
Morris
,
D. H.
, and
Brinson
,
H. F.
, 1980, “
The Accelerated Characterization of Viscoelastic Composite Materials
,” VPI-E-80-15, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.
11.
Hiel
,
C.
,
Cardon
,
A. H.
, and
Brinson
,
H. F.
, 1984, “
Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response of Resin Matrix Composite Laminates
,” NASA Contractor Report, NASA Cr., p.
149
.
12.
Tuttle
,
M. E.
, and
Brinson
,
H. F.
, 1986, “
Prediction of the Long-Term Creep Compliance of General Composite Laminates
,”
Exp. Mech.
0014-4851,
26
(
1
), pp.
89
102
.
13.
Tuttle
,
M. E.
,
Pasricha
,
A.
, and
Emery
,
A. F.
, 1995, “
The Nonlinear Viscoelastic-Viscoplastic Behavior of Im7∕5260 Composites Subjected to Cyclic Loading
,”
J. Compos. Mater.
0021-9983,
29
(
15
), pp.
2025
2046
.
14.
Findley
,
W. N.
,
Lai
,
J. S. Y.
, and
Onaran
,
K.
, 1976,
Creep and Relaxation of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials, With an Introduction to Linear Viscoelasticity
,
North-Holland
,
Amsterdam
.
15.
Findley
,
W. N.
, and
Lai
,
J. S. Y.
, 1967, “
A Modified Superposition Principle Applied to Creep of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material Under Abrupt Changes in State of Combined Stress
,”
Trans. Soc. Rheol.
0038-0032,
11
(
3
), pp.
361
380
.
16.
Onaran
,
K.
, and
Findley
,
W. N.
, 1965, “
Combined Stress-Creep Experiments on a Nonlinear Viscoelastic Material to Determine the Kernel Functions for a Multiple Integral Representation of Creep
,”
Trans. Soc. Rheol.
0038-0032,
9
(
2
), pp.
299
327
.
17.
Gramoll
,
K. C.
,
Dillard
,
D. A.
, and
Brinson
,
H. F.
, 1989, “
A Stable Numerical Solution Method for In-plane Loading of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Laminated Orthotropic Materials
,”
Compos. Struct.
0263-8223,
13
, pp.
251
274
.
18.
Dillard
,
D. A.
, and
Hiel
,
C.
, 1985, “
Singularity Problems of the Power Law for Modeling Creep Compliance
,”
SEM Conf. on Experimental Mechanics
, June 9–14, Las Vegas, NV, pp.
142
148
19.
Czyz
,
J. A.
, and
Szyszkowski
,
W.
, 1990, “
An Effective Method for Nonlinear Viscoelastic Structural-Analysis
,”
Comput. Struct.
0045-7949,
37
(
5
), pp.
637
646
.
20.
Xiao
,
X.
, 1989, “
Studies of the Viscoelastic Behavior of a Thermoplastic Resin Composite
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
0266-3538,
34
(
2
), pp.
163
182
.
21.
Pasricha
,
A.
,
Van Duser
,
P.
,
Tuttle
,
M.
, and
Emery
,
A.
, 1992, “
The Nonlinear Viscoelastic∕Viscoplastic Behavior of IM6∕5260 Graphite∕Bismaleimide
,” in
Proc. VII Int. Congress on Experimental Mechanics
,
Bethel
,
CT
, SEM.
22.
Peretz
,
D.
, 1982, “
Non-Linear Viscoelastic Characterization of Fm-73 Adhesive
,”
J. Rheol.
0148-6055,
26
(
3
), pp.
245
261
.
23.
Peretz
,
D.
, and
Weitsman
,
Y.
, 1983, “
The Non-Linear Thermoviscoelastic Characterizations of Fm-73 Adhesives
,”
J. Rheol.
0148-6055,
27
(
2
), pp.
97
114
.
24.
Crissman
,
J. M.
, and
Zapas
,
L. J.
, 1985, “
On the Mechanical Preconditioning of Ultrahigh-Molecular-Weight Polyethylene at Small Uniaxial Deformations
,”
J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys.
0887-6266,
23
(
12
), pp.
2599
2610
.
25.
Crissman
,
J. M.
, 1986, “
Creep and Recovery Behavior of a Linear High-Density Polyethylene and an Ethylene-Hexene Copolymer in the Region of Small Uniaxial Deformations
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
0032-3888,
26
(
15
), pp.
1050
1059
.
26.
Xiao
,
X. R.
,
Hiel
,
C. C.
, and
Cardon
,
A. H.
, 1994, “
Characterization and Modeling of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Response of Peek Resin and Peek Composites
,”
Composites Eng.
0961-9526,
4
(
7
), pp.
681
702
.
27.
Guedes
,
R. M.
,
Morais
,
J. J. L.
,
Marques
,
A. T.
, and
Cardon
,
A. H.
, 2000, “
Prediction of Long-Term Behaviour of Composite Materials
,”
Comput. Struct.
0045-7949,
76
(
1–3
), pp.
183
194
.
28.
Schapery
,
R. A.
, 1969, “
On the Characterization of Nonlinear Viscoelastic Materials
,”
Polym. Eng. Sci.
0032-3888,
9
(
4
), pp.
295
310
.
29.
Ferry
,
J. D.
, 1980,
Viscoelastic Properties of Polymers
, 3rd ed.,
Wiley
,
New York
.
30.
Tuttle
,
M. E.
,
Mescher
,
A. M.
, and
Potocki
,
M. L.
, 1997, “
Mechanics of Polymeric Composites Exposed to a Constant Heat Flux
,” in
ASME 1997, Composites and Functionally Graded Materials
.
31.
Pasricha
,
A.
,
Tuttle
,
M. E.
, and
Emery
,
A. F.
, 1996, “
Time-Dependent Response of IM7∕5260 Composites Subjected to Cyclic Thermo-Mechanical Loading
,”
Compos. Sci. Technol.
0266-3538,
56
(
1
), pp.
55
62
.
You do not currently have access to this content.