Where heterogeneous material considerations may yield more accurate estimates of long bones' modal characteristics, homogeneous description yields faster approximate solutions. Here, modal frequencies of (bovine) long tibia bones are numerically estimated using the finite element method (FEM) (ANSYS) starting from anatomically accurate computed tomography (CT) scans. Whole long bones are segmented into cortical and cancellous constituents based on Hounsfield (HU) values. Accurate three-dimensional (3D) models are consequently developed. Bones' cortical and cancellous constituents are first treated as heterogeneous material. Relative to stiffness–density relations, stiffness values are assigned for each element yielding a stiffness-graded structure. Calculated modal frequencies are compared to those measured from dynamic experiments. Analysis was repeated where bone properties are homogenized by averaging the stiffness properties of bone constituents. Compared with experimental values of one control long bone, the heterogeneous material assumption returned good estimates of the frequency values in the cranial–caudal (CC) plane with of +0.85% for mode 1 and +10.66% for mode 2. For homogeneous material assumption, underestimates were returned with error values of −13.25% and −0.13% differences for mode 2. In the medial–lateral (ML) plane, heterogeneous material assumption returned good frequency estimates with −8.89% for mode 1 and +1.01% for mode 2. Homogeneous material assumption underestimated the frequency values with error of −20.52% for mode 1 and −7.50% for mode 2. Homogeneous simplifications yielded faster and more memory-efficient FEM runs with heterogeneous modal analysis requiring 1.5 more running time and twice the utilized memory.

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