Fig. 1 The sketch of the sample placed between two copper electrodes. The impedance values of the sample were measured using an LCR meter assuming the tissue is resistive only. More

Fig. 2 Thermal ablation finite element model schematic used in COMSOL . One-eighth symmetry with a simplified design of the model was used to reduce the computation time. More

Fig. 3 ( a ) Ultrasound imaging of the sample to locate the probe locations. Two active (probe 1 and probe 2 ) and two passive (probe 3 and probe 4 ) probes were inserted into the tissue before the onset of the RFA and ( b ) the active probes were located on the sides while p... More

Fig. 4 The central mark on each box represents the median, while the bottom and top edges of the box represent the 25 t h and 75 t h percentiles of electrical conductivity, respectively. The whiskers go all the way to the most extreme data points that are not deemed outliers. The b... More

Fig. 5 The box plot shows the median, the minimum, and the maximum value of thermal conductivity for each sample group in the temperature range of 20 – 90   ° C . The thermal property slightly increases with an increase in temperature. However, the increasing trend is not as noticeable a... More

Fig. 6 ( a ) Experimental and simulation comparison of probe temperature change over time when K p  =  40 , K i   = 0.01 , and K d   = 0 . The temperature of the probe begins to rise until it reaches the target temperature that was taken from the... More

Fig. 7 Comparison of temperatures for passive probes ( a ) probe 3 and ( b ) probe 4 . The results show that the simulation follows a similar trend as the ex vivo experiments in the uncertainty range with an R -squared value of 0.88 and 0.98 for probe 3 and probe 4... More

Fig. 1 A single slot coaxial antenna inserted into a physical model More

Fig. 2 Catheter/antenna with all its components More

Fig. 3 Meshed computational domain More

Fig. 4 Contour plot of ablation volume for different applied power (10 W, 25 W, 50 W) More

Fig. 5 Power versus ablation volume for different applied power (10 W, 25 W, 50 W) More

Fig. 6 ( a ) Time versus temp for different applied power (10 W, 25 W, 50 W) and ( b ) r versus temp for different applied power (10 W, 25 W, 50 W) More

Fig. 7 Effect of BPR on ablation volume with different power applied (10 W, 25 W, 50 W) More

Fig. 8 Effect of different BPR (0.00263, 0.005, 0.0674) on temperature distribution over the tissue More

Fig. 9 Effect of frequency on ablation volume with different applied power (10 W, 25 W, 50 W) More

Fig. 10 Time versus temp over different relative permittivity (20.5, 22, 20.9) More