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( a ) Schematic figure of cerebral atrophy adapted from Blinkouskaya et al....
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 1 ( a ) Schematic figure of cerebral atrophy adapted from Blinkouskaya et al. [ 1 ] depicting white and gray matter volume loss, cortical thinning, sulcal widening, and ventricular enlargement, ( b ) white matter changes leading to neurodegeneration, adapted from [ 1 ], ( c ) two coronal slic... More about this image found in ( a ) Schematic figure of cerebral atrophy adapted from Blinkouskaya et al....
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( a ) Representative figure of MRI images from one of the patient subjects ...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 2 ( a ) Representative figure of MRI images from one of the patient subjects chosen for this study. 60 slices of 120 × 120 resolution. The functional MRI files are stored in the NIfTi format, later processed in Python libraries (NiBabel). ( b ) DTI sample images, useful to understand integrit... More about this image found in ( a ) Representative figure of MRI images from one of the patient subjects ...
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Volume shrinkage (%) versus age (years) scatter plot on the  MATLAB  proces...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 3 Volume shrinkage (%) versus age (years) scatter plot on the MATLAB processed MRI scans of BWM for the 6 patients to obtain relative comparison points (upper triangular matrix with 15 points). Different regularization and optimization functions (grid search-based methods) implemented to fi... More about this image found in Volume shrinkage (%) versus age (years) scatter plot on the MATLAB proces...
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( a ) Single RVE BWM FE model of the ECM and myelinated axons assembly pack...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 4 ( a ) Single RVE BWM FE model of the ECM and myelinated axons assembly packing two axon fibers, volume fraction = 0.3. The ECM (light beige), axon fibers (dark green), and myelin (dark red) phases, respectively. ( b )Boundary conditions for single RVE. The opposite surface is fixed (displac... More about this image found in ( a ) Single RVE BWM FE model of the ECM and myelinated axons assembly pack...
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( a )–( e ) Parameterization of VFs for various age depiction in micromecha...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 5 ( a )–( e ) Parameterization of VFs for various age depiction in micromechanical HE tri-phasic BWM RVEs. Total five cases were analyzed, ranging from Age 20–60 years. Table 1 demonstrates the VF for each RVE configuration based on image processing-based VF shrinkage calculations (Sec. 2.... More about this image found in ( a )–( e ) Parameterization of VFs for various age depiction in micromecha...
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( a ) A representative RVE for tri-phasic BWM FEM setup (isoview) along wit...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 6 ( a ) A representative RVE for tri-phasic BWM FEM setup (isoview) along with the surface-to-surface interactions defined. ( b ) FEM describing the uniaxial tensile load. ( c ) Longitudinal view of the BWM RVE. For this study, length of RVE chosen to be 10  μ m, to keep it comparable with ou... More about this image found in ( a ) A representative RVE for tri-phasic BWM FEM setup (isoview) along wit...
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Representative contour plot diagrams: ( a ) Von Mises stress contour (S) fo...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 7 Representative contour plot diagrams: ( a ) Von Mises stress contour (S) for the axons and the ECM at 10% applied stretch for single RVE FEM (along axon fiber axis—uniaxial tension load). ( b ) Total deformation (U) plot at 10% applied shear strain for Age 20—VF 0.3 BWM RVE (young adult bra... More about this image found in Representative contour plot diagrams: ( a ) Von Mises stress contour (S) fo...
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Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model   Type I   (varying shear m...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 8 Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model Type I (varying shear moduli) BWM FEM. The property variation builds on the hypothesis previously proposed by Agarwal et al. [ 11 ] and Sack et al. [ 29 ] for scope of this study, three age cases are plotted (ages: 20, 40, and 60). RMSD an... More about this image found in Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model Type I (varying shear m...
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Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model   Type II   (varying volume...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 9 Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model Type II (varying volume fractions) BWM FEM. The VF variation is guided by the shrinkage function proposed in Sec. 2.3 . In contrast to type I, this model showed modest increase in stiffness from age 40 to 50, but overall, WM atrophy affec... More about this image found in Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model Type II (varying volume...
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Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model   Type III—  varying both v...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 10 Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model Type III— varying both volume fractions and shear moduli (property) in the BWM FEM RVEs. As opposed to model Type II, greater tissue softening observed with age. RMSD b/w Age 20 and Age 60 curves increased to 0.0547 by 38.13% compared to m... More about this image found in Stress ( σ ) versus strain plot for aging model Type III— varying both v...
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Stress ( σ ) versus shear strain % plots of aging brain RVE FEMs for all th...
Published Online: January 23, 2025
Fig. 11 Stress ( σ ) versus shear strain % plots of aging brain RVE FEMs for all three model types. In corroboration with our previous studies, model Type I (brown curve) showed a linear decay in tissue stiffness but incorporating volume change (atrophy) and property decay (shear moduli softening)... More about this image found in Stress ( σ ) versus shear strain % plots of aging brain RVE FEMs for all th...
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