Fig. 1 CFD model and grid convergence study for the LES with WALE model. ( a ) Computational mesh for the patient-averaged model. ( b ) Line probes were used to assess velocity convergence (left), time-averaged velocities at a cross-sectional plane through the RA for the three meshes of increasing... More

Fig. 2 Impact of mesh density on LES results. Time-averaged velocity results for iLES-SOU (11 M and 37 M), iLES (11 M and 37 M), and iLES-BCD (11 M) models (top). The impact of grid resolution on the SVC jet with iLES-SOU models is highlighted by the white dashed triangles. The absolute velocity d... More

Fig. 3 Velocity field comparison. ( a ) Time-averaged velocity streamlines for the IVC/SVC% = 65/35 flow scenario, the expected ratio in healthy adults, for the 11 M cell URANS, iLES (both, SOU and BCD convection schemes), and LES-WALE. ( b ) Relative differences (compared to LES-WALE) in time-ave... More

Fig. 4 TAWSS comparison. ( a ) Relative difference (compared to LES-WALE) in TAWSS is shown for the 11 M cell URANS (top), iLES-SOU (middle) and iLES-BCD (bottom) in both posterior (left) and anterior (right) views. ( b ) Surface average absolute relative differences are plotted for the auricle, R... More

Fig. 5 IVC and SVC mixing comparison. ( a ) Relative differences (compared to LES-WALE) in the passive scalar (1 for SVC, 0 for IVC) assigned to inlet flows compared to the 11 M cell URANS (top), iLES-SOU (middle), and iLES-BCD (bottom) are shown on a cross-sectional plane through the RA. The red ... More

Fig. 6 iLES-SOU and LES with WALE energy spectra. The energy spectra are plotted for the 11 M cell iLES-SOU (left) and LES-WALE (right), when IVC and SVC flow rates are equal, at several points of interest (1–6) in the RA. The cross-sectional planes show instantaneous velocities at 3.5 s. The gray... More

Fig. 7 Subgrid turbulence scales and turbulent viscosity. ( a ) For the turbulent time (left) and length (right) scales used by the WALE model, the average grid size in the RA was 0.22 mm (11 M cell mesh). ( b ) A comparison of turbulent viscosity (left) and dynamics viscosity (right) with the inf... More

Fig. 1 Finite element model of the head hit by the soccer ball: ( a ) initial setup of a flying soccer ball hitting the face including eyeball, ( b ) head with goggle setup, and ( c ) retinal artery in the posterior retina (frontal view) Finite element model of the head hit by the soccer ball: (... More

Fig. 2 Stress-strain relationship of the sclera Stress-strain relationship of the sclera More

Fig. 3 ( a ) Von Mises stress distribution in the posterior retina at t = 1.48 ms and ( b ) the history of averaged von Mises stresses in posterior retina during soccer ball impact (a) Von Mises stress distribution in the posterior retina at t = 1.48 ms and (b) the history of averaged von Mises ... More

Fig. 4 Time history of the IOP at the center of vitreous for three cases: unprotected, acrylic, and PC goggles Time history of the IOP at the center of vitreous for three cases: unprotected, acrylic, and PC goggles More