Fig. 1 PACK flow schematic and component labeling More

Fig. 2 A notional cutaway of an ACM, adapted from Ref. [ 12 ] More

Fig. 3 ACM mechanical efficiency degradation results under various severities. 0% represents healthy condition with efficiency value of 80%. Severely degraded case is represented by 70% reduction in the healthy efficiency. More

Fig. 4 ACM mechanical efficiency degradation results under various severities More

Fig. 5 Compressor efficiency degradation results under various severities. 0% represents healthy, and severely degraded case is represented by 90% reduction in the healthy efficiency. More

Fig. 6 Compressor efficiency degradation results under various severities More

Fig. 7 Turbine efficiency degradation results under various severities. 0% and 80% represent healthy severely degraded. More

Fig. 8 Turbine efficiency degradation results under various severities More

Fig. 1 Motor compartment of motor grader More

Fig. 2 Test site map in the laboratory More

Fig. 3 Physical map of the three-stage radiator More

Fig. 4 3D simplified model of the grader and the external flow field model More

Fig. 5 Engine compartment temperature distribution under the Grade II bulldozing condition More

Fig. 6 Heat dissipation module and calculation model of external flow field More

Fig. 7 Mesh model of the radiator area More

Fig. 8 Velocity vector diagram of the longitudinal section More

Fig. 9 Pressure distribution in the longitudinal section of the fan rotation center area More