... to the basefluid (water), of the Nusselt number, which is further enhanced by increasing the nanoparticle loading. Therefore, when compared to water, the Nusselt number is enhanced by 25.65%, with no twisted tape and by 79.16% with twisted tape with helix of 95 mm for the nanofluid of 0.2% volume concentration...

..., wavy, or offset fins, for example, Refs. [( 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 )]). The latter tend to alter the forced convection behavior and enhance the heat transfer over and above that due to the surface area increase [ 16 17 ]. The effectiveness of these extended surfaces, however, regardless...